Exercise Benefits Your Brain at Any Age

• Exercise benefits everyone cognitively — The review included healthy adults, children, teenagers, and individuals with chronic mental or neurological conditions such as depression, dementia, and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). The researchers discovered significant cognitive improvements across every group studied. Simply put, everyone, regardless of age or health status, gained cognitive benefits from regular exercise.

• Low- to moderate-intensity exercise yields meaningful cognitive improvements — Exercise led to moderate but meaningful boosts in memory, executive function (skills like planning and decision-making), and general cognitive ability. Even relatively gentle forms of physical activity delivered notable cognitive enhancements.

Activities like yoga, dance classes, and interactive exercise-based video games (“exergames”) showed impressive effects on memory and decision-making capabilities. This highlights that exercise doesn’t need to be intense and rigorous to significantly boost your brain health.

• Young people and ADHD individuals reaped the greatest benefits — Specifically, children and adolescents experienced the greatest improvements, particularly in memory and executive function. Exercise also had substantial impacts for those diagnosed with ADHD, who showed the largest improvements in executive function, indicating that physical activity might offer a powerful way to manage hyperactivity disorders naturally.

• Shorter interventions are the most effective — Curiously, exercise programs that last just one to three months were generally more effective than interventions that lasted four to six months, or longer. The researchers addressed this apparent paradox, saying:

“One plausible explanation for this is the higher attrition and lower adherence rates commonly associated with lengthier interventions. Alternatively, a lack of exercise progression over the long term may be a factor contributing to the diminishing benefits of an exercise regimen.

Similarly, it is possible that the novelty of an exercise regimen, which diminishes with time, may be crucial for eliciting cognitive improvements. As participants adapt to the regimen, its cognitive and physiological challenges — and hence its benefits — may wane due to the lack of progression or increased difficulty in the exercise routine.”

• Lighter exercise programs are just as good as more intensive ones — Additionally, lighter-intensity, mind-body exercises, like Tai Chi or yoga, were shown to be just as beneficial — if not more so — as more demanding forms like aerobics or resistance training, emphasizing the idea that any regular movement is highly beneficial.

According to Dr. Ben Singh, the study’s lead author, “[E]ven small bursts of activity can make a big difference. It also signals that trying out new activities could play a key role in keeping the brain engaged and active.”

• “Exergames” and mind-body activities show superior cognitive results — The researchers compared different types of physical activity directly and found that interactive exergames (video games involving physical movement) produced the largest overall cognitive benefits. These games require simultaneous physical activity and mental engagement, making them uniquely effective in stimulating both body and mind.

Mind-body exercises were most effective for memory improvements specifically, likely because they involve remembering complex sequences of movements while remaining mentally focused.³

• Exercise also stimulates brain cell growth — Another essential biological mechanism highlighted by the research is exercise’s ability to stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF).

BDNF is like a fertilizer for your brain cells — it supports the growth and survival of neurons, enhances their connectivity, and helps create stronger neural pathways. By increasing levels of BDNF through physical activity, you effectively build a healthier, more resilient brain capable of faster processing speeds and improved memory recall.

• Exercise reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain — Inflammation, when chronic, damages brain cells and impairs cognitive functions over time. Regular physical activity helps lower these harmful inflammatory responses, preserving your cognitive abilities and protecting your brain’s overall health. This anti-inflammatory effect is especially valuable as you age, when inflammation tends to rise and your cognitive resilience naturally declines.

• You’ll reap everyday life improvements from regular exercise — These biological changes translate directly into better memory, sharper focus, and stronger decision-making skills for you, making daily tasks easier and more enjoyable. These findings clearly underscore why incorporating even modest exercise into your routine isn’t just about physical health — it’s about keeping your brain youthful, sharp, and high-functioning throughout your life.

• Participants wore accelerometers to track their movements — These devices, which are similar to fitness trackers, were worn by the participants 24 hours a day for eight consecutive days to accurately measure their movements and sleep patterns. At the same time, the participants completed daily online cognitive tests measuring memory, attention, reaction times, and executive functions.

• Exercising today affects your mental clarity tomorrow — They found that increasing your moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) — like brisk walking, cycling, dancing, and even going up and down the stairs⁷ — by just 30 minutes today improves your memory performance the next day.

The researchers found noticeable gains in both episodic memory (recalling recent events) and working memory (holding and processing information in your mind temporarily).

• On the flip side, being sedentary harms cognitive performance — Each extra 30 minutes spent doing sedentary activities, like watching television or extended sitting, was associated with lower working memory scores the following day. Even modest reductions in sitting time and replacing them with short bouts of movement could help preserve and enhance memory, demonstrating how everyday behaviors have immediate and tangible effects on brain function.

• Timing and frequency of physical activity also matters — Even brief, regular bursts of movement throughout your day were effective in boosting next-day memory performance. This means that even small adjustments, like opting to walk during your lunch break or choosing the stairs over the elevator, could positively influence your brain function the next morning.

• Sleep duration positively impacted psychomotor speed — This is the speed at which you physically respond to mental processes, making everyday tasks feel easier and smoother. This underlines how crucial adequate sleep is for maintaining mental agility.

• Digging deeper, the study highlighted specific sleep stages that impact cognitive abilities — The researchers found that every additional 30 minutes of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep — the stage when dreaming occurs — was associated with enhanced attention and sharper mental focus the following day.

Similarly, each extra half-hour spent in Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), the deepest sleep stage, significantly boosted episodic memory, enhancing your ability to recall recent experiences vividly and accurately.

• Sleep’s beneficial effects are independent of physical activity — Interestingly, these sleep benefits appeared independently from the effects of physical activity, meaning that both sleep quality and physical activity separately contribute to your cognitive performance. Thus, engaging in regular vigorous activity while simultaneously prioritizing restful sleep creates a powerful combination to support brain health.

This finding provides a practical, clear strategy to optimize cognitive health — move regularly during the day and prioritize quality sleep at night to enhance memory and attention day after day.

• Biological mechanisms of sleep benefits — REM sleep directly supports attention by enabling the brain to organize and store new information. SWS, meanwhile, is vital for consolidating memories from short-term to long-term storage.

Essentially, during deep sleep, your brain actively strengthens memory pathways, allowing you to recall information more effectively the next day. Therefore, ensuring you get sufficient deep sleep not only refreshes your body but also solidifies your memory and enhances cognitive processing speed.

• Natural settings reduce mental fatigue — Research shows that outdoor exercise reduces the mental fatigue associated with repetitive indoor environments. Natural settings engage the brain’s attention mechanisms differently, promoting effortless focus while reducing stress.

This phenomenon, known as “attention restoration theory,” explains why a run in the park or a hike in the woods leaves you feeling more refreshed and mentally clear than a workout in a gym.⁹

• Outdoor exercise boosts creativity — Another benefit of outdoor exercise is its impact on creativity and problem-solving. A study from the American Psychological Association found that walking outdoors boosts creative thinking by as much as 60%.¹⁰ This is due to the combination of rhythmic movement and exposure to diverse sensory stimuli, such as sounds, smells and visual patterns in nature, which activate multiple areas of the brain.

• Nature enhances emotional well-being — Outdoor environments also improve emotional well-being. Studies have shown that exposure to green spaces reduces cortisol levels, lowers blood pressure, and relieves muscle tension. The calming effects of nature mitigate symptoms of anxiety and depression, making outdoor exercise particularly beneficial for mental health.

• Outdoor activity encourages social engagement — Additionally, exercising outside often encourages more physical and social engagement. Activities like group runs, team sports, or even casual walks with friends not only increase motivation but also stimulate the brain’s social and emotional centers, strengthening neural networks involved in empathy and communication.¹¹

• Natural light supports sleep and brain health — From a physiological standpoint, outdoor exercise increases exposure to natural light, which regulates circadian rhythms and improves sleep quality. Better sleep, in turn, enhances memory consolidation and cognitive function. Sunlight also boosts vitamin D production, an essential nutrient for brain health that is linked to improved mood and reduced cognitive decline.

1. Make daily movement non-negotiable — Aim to add at least 30 extra minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity each day. Activities like brisk walking, cycling, gardening, or even dancing in your living room will drastically enhance your memory and cognitive clarity the very next day. This is especially beneficial if you’re over 50 and looking for an easy, daily boost to your mental sharpness.

2. Break up long periods of sitting — Every 30 minutes spent sitting hurts your brain’s ability to remember and process information clearly. Try setting an hourly reminder to stand, stretch, or take a short walk — even just around your home. If you work at a desk, consider getting a standing desk or walking pad. Reducing sitting time helps your brain function better, enhancing your working memory and overall cognitive performance immediately.

3. Prioritize your sleep, especially deep sleep — Getting at least six solid hours of sleep each night significantly strengthens your brain’s ability to remember recent events and respond quickly to daily tasks. Aim for consistent bedtimes and create a restful sleep environment to boost your slow-wave and REM sleep, which directly enhances memory and attention the next day.

4. Exercise outside whenever possible — Walking or jogging in natural settings reduces stress, enhances creativity by up to 60%, and helps your brain rest and recover effectively from daily fatigue. Regular outdoor exercise also boosts emotional well-being, lowering anxiety and supporting overall mental clarity.

5. Engage socially while you move — Combine physical activity with social interaction by joining a walking group, participating in outdoor classes, or simply inviting a friend for regular walks. Socially interactive exercise stimulates critical areas of your brain involved in empathy, communication, and mood regulation. This helps your brain stay healthy and connected, enhancing your cognitive resilience and overall well-being.